Seasonality The Archaeology of Changing Seasons

Seasonality refers to the changes that occur in the local, regional, and planet-wide environment as our planet lurches through its solar year. In temperate regions, spring turns to summer, summer to fall, fall to winter to spring again. But environmental changes occur seasonally everywhere on the planet to some degree, even at the poles, even at the equator. Archaeologists are interested in seasonality with respect to the adaptations that humans have created over the past 12,000 years to cope with and survive those changes. Seasonality is thus a core concept in for studying and understanding ancient farming technologies. Modern Technology and Adaptations Modern people notice when the weather changes throughout the year: We might have to shovel the snow off the driveway or pull out our summer clothing. But we—at least those of us in the so-called first world—arent as a rule intimately involved in tracking changes in animal and plant behavior, building insulated housing, and making or repairing warm clothing. We have a calendar for tracking that. We might see a specific type of food disappear from our store shelves, or, more likely, a steeper price for the same food depending on the time of year, but if we notice its not a serious loss. Undeniably, modern technology and global trade networks have softened the impact of the changing seasons. But that was not the case up until relatively recently. For pre-modern people, temperate climate seasonal changes sharply affected availability to crucial resources, and if you didnt pay attention, you didnt survive long. Coping with Seasonality In temperate or colder climates, some—maybe most—natural and cultural events are tied to the natural changes that occur from season to season. Animals migrate or hibernate, plants go dormant, being outside of shelter is problematic. Some cultural groups in the past responded to the oncoming winter seasons by constructing storage facilities for safely storing summer crops, by building and moving into different types of houses, still others by temporarily relocating to warmer or cooler climates. In a fairly broad but nonetheless meaningful way, calendar systems and astronomical observatories were created to respond to the demands of seasonality. The more closely you could predict when the seasons arrived, the better you could plan for your survival. One result is that religious ceremonies associated with the movements of the sun, moon, and stars were scheduled for different seasons. Solstices and equinoxes were celebrated with specific rites at specific seasons of the year: indeed they still are. Most religions celebrate their highest holy days at the winter and summer solstice. Dietary Changes Much more than today, diets changed throughout the year. Seasons determined what kinds of foods were available. If you were a hunter-gatherer, you needed to know when a particular fruit was available, when the deer were likely to migrate through your area and how far they were likely to go. Farmers knew that different agricultural crops required planting and would ripen at different times of the year. Planting a variety of crops, some of which ripened in spring, some in summer, and some in fall, resulted in a more reliable system of resources to get the groups through the year. Pastoralists needed to recognize when different animals gestated at different times of the year, or when they produced their woolliest coats, or when the herd needed to be thinned. Tracking Seasonality in Archaeology Archaeologists use the clues left in artifacts, animal bones, and human remains to identify the effects of seasonality on human cultures and the adaptations those cultures wielded. For example, an archaeological midden (trash heap) might contain animal bones and plant seeds. Determining in what season those animals were killed or those plants harvested allows us to get closer to understanding human behaviors. To identify the season of death for a plant or a human, archaeologists can track seasonal changes recorded as growth rings. Many if not most living things record seasonal changes the way tree rings do. Animal teeth—human teeth too—record recognizable seasonal sequences; individual animals born in the same period of the year have the same pattern of growth rings. Many other organisms such as fish and shellfish also record annual or seasonal growth rings in their bones and shells. Technological advances in identifying seasonality have included stable isotope analysis and ancient DNA changes in animals and plants. Stable isotope chemical balances in teeth and bones change with dietary input. Ancient DNA allows a researcher to identify specific species of animals and then compare those seasonality patterns with known modern patterns. Seasonality and Climate Change Over the past 12,000 years or so, humans have constructed controls to plan for and adapt to the changing seasons. But we are all still at the mercy of climate changes that result both from natural fluctuations and cultural choices made by people. Droughts and flooding, storms and wildfires, diseases which evolve from humans living in close proximity to one another and animals: All of these are in part climate-driven woes that had to be accounted for in the past, and need to be accounted for in the present and future as adaptations for survival. Understanding how our ancestors adapted may well provide guidance to our ability to adapt in the future. Sources Balasse, Marie, et al. Stable Isotope Insights (delta 18O, delta 13C) into Cattle and Sheep Husbandry at Bercy (Paris, France, 4th Millennium BC): Birth Seasonality and Winter Leaf Foddering. Environmental Archaeology 17.1 (2012): 29–44. Print.Blaise, Emilie, and Marie Balasse. Seasonality and Season of Birth of Modern and Late Neolithic Sheep from South-Eastern France Using Tooth Enamel delta18O Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 38.11 (2011): 3085–93. Print.Boyd, Brian. Archaeology and Human-Animal Relations: Thinking through Anthropocentrism. Annual Review of Anthropology 46.1 (2017): 299–316. Print.Burchell, Meghan, et al. Determining Seasonality of Mussel Collection from an Early Historic Inuit Site, Labrador, Canada: Comparing Thin-Sections with High-Resolution Stable Oxygen Isotope Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2018). Print.David, Wengrow, and Graeber David. Farewell to the ‘Childhood of Man’: Ritual, Seasonali ty, and the Origins of Inequality. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21.3 (2015): 597–619. Print.Ewonus, Paul A., Aubrey Cannon, and Dongya Y. Yang. Addressing Seasonal Site Use through Ancient DNA Species Identification of Pacific Salmon at Dionisio Point, Galiano Island, British Columbia. Journal of Archaeological Science 38.10 (2011): 2536–46. Print.Hufthammer, Anne Karin, et al. Seasonality of Human Site Occupation Based on Stable Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Cod Otoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 37.1 (2010): 78–83. Print.Rendu, William. Hunting Behavior and Neanderthal Adaptability in the Late Pleistocene Site of Pech-de-lAzà © I. Journal of Archaeological Science 37.8 (2010): 1798–810. Print.Roberts, Patrick, et al. Climate, Environment and Early Human Innovation: Stable Isotope and Faunal Proxy Evidence from Archaeological Sites (98–59ka) in the Southern Cape, South Africa. PLoS ONE 11.7 (2016): e0157408. Print.Vickers, K im, and Guà °rà ºn Sveinbjarnardà ³ttir. Insect Invaders, Seasonality and Transhumant Pastoralism in the Icelandic Shieling Economy. Environmental Archaeology 18.2 (2013): 165–77. Print.Wright, Elizabeth, et al. Age and Season of Pig Slaughter at Late Neolithic Durrington Walls (Wiltshire, Uk) as Detected through a New System for Recording Tooth Wear. Journal of Archaeological Science 52.0 (2014): 497–514. Print.

Wellness Worksheet Free Essays

Wellness Worksheet 39 Due: Oct. 6th by 11:59 pm. Facts About ContraceptionPoints: ___/20 To help you choose the best method of contraception for you and your partner, you must be familiar with the different methods. We will write a custom essay sample on Wellness Worksheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fill in the boxes with the advantages and disadvantages of each method, along with how well each one protects against pregnancy and STD’s, I am looking for percentages/failure rates. Use outside resources if necessary. Method| Advantages| Disadvantages| Effectiveness/STD Protection| Oral Contraceptives| Easy to use, reduces mentsral cramps, can improve acne, prevents ectopic pregnancy. Weight gain, blood clots, headaches, and depression. | 99% effective and does not protect from std’s. | Vaginal spermicides| Can be purchased without a prescription, inexpensive, immediate protection. | Allergic reactions may occur, and can be difficult to insert. | 50-95% effective and does not protect against std’s. | Vaginal contraceptive ring| Can leave it in for 3 weeks, don’t have a period while it is in| Vaginal irritation, discharge, nausea, headache| 99% effective and does not protect against std’s. Contraceptive implants| Contraception for 3 years, doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t interfere with intercourse, low cost and you don’t have to remember to take it. | Changes in periods, headaches, and acne. | 99% effective and does not protect agains std’s. | Withdrawal| No side affects, don’t have to remember to take anything,| May not withdraw in time, may forget to withdraw when in the moment. | Probably about a 50% effectiveness, and definitely does not protect against std’s| Emergency contraception| Safe, excellent form of backup if something fails| Nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and headaches. 75-89% effectiveness, and does not protect against std’s. | IUD| Immediately effective, does not change hormonal balance, can be used for 5 years| Requires a doctor for insertion and removal, may cause infection, may injure the uterus during insertion. | One of the most effective forms of birth control, does not protect against std’s. | Male Condom| Convenient, easy to obtain, inexpensive, lightweight, and disposable. | May dull sensation, may be less enjoyable, must be pre-planned, some don’t like that you can’t feel the warm fluid. 95% effective, protects against std’s. | Female Condom| Easy insertion, doesn’t require a prescription, doesn’t change hormonal balance, easy to obtain. | May move around, may irritate both vagina and penis, feeling and sensation may be reduced. | 79-95% effective, greatly reduces chances of std’s. | Male and Female Sterilization| Don’t have to think about birth control, works right away. | Have to have surgery, risk of infection and reversals almost always do not work. | 99% effective, does not protect against std’s. | How to cite Wellness Worksheet, Essay examples

Mean Girls Essay free essay sample

This movie, Mean Girls, is a very interesting movie that shows that you should always be yourself no matter what people think and no matter what they have to say. A few of the main characters in this movie include Cady Heron, Regina George, Karen Smith, Gretchen Weiners, and Ms. Norbury. All of these characters take part in the high school that the film take place in. The director of this movie is Mark Waters; he is a film director and producer. This movie was published in the year of 2004. This movie contains one type of genre which is the â€Å"Drama† category. This movie runs for approximately 97 minutes. I really enjoyed watching this movie. It is interesting to see how people’s attitudes can change due to one person and a specified reality check. This movie portrays that some of the smallest things can make a big difference within people’s attitudes and personalities. We will write a custom essay sample on Mean Girls Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 2004, Cady Heron had to leave her homeschooling and start going to public school. Cady was homeschooled all of her life and didn’t know what it was like to go to school with a bunch of teenagers. Cady lived in Africa her entire life, which was where her parents had a working contract. When she first reached high school, in the first couple of days she met Janice and Damian, who were known in the â€Å"Out Crowd† and completely against the â€Å"Plastics†. The â€Å"Plastics† had three beautiful and popular girls in it, the most popular, Regina, Gretchen, and the least popular of the three, Karen. The â€Å"Plastics† attention was automatically brought to Cady when they noticed how pretty and easily-influenced she would be. But Cady, being unsure about them, kept her friends Janice and Damian. Cady eventually ends up becoming close friends with the â€Å"Plastics† so that she can retrieve their darkest secrets and tell them to Janice and Damian. Little does everyone know, Cady soon starts to turn into a â€Å"Plastic†. When Cady falls for Regina’s ex-boyfriend, Aaron, that soon causes a problem between the two girls and makes Regina snap on the rest of the â€Å"Plastics† which leaves Cady in charge. When the story first begins, it takes place in a high school located in Evanston, Illinois, but the film was also shot in Toronto, Ontario. During most of the Evil plans and evil actions that the â€Å"Plastics† do, the camera was zoomed into their face in order to see their expression. This movie has various camera angles that all support what’s going on in the intense and dramatic scenes. Most of the Dolly shots are found at the end of the movie when they show what happens after the Homecoming dance. As they reach the end of the movie, they start narrating. The costume designers did an amazing job. They dressed the actors appropriately according to the year this movie took place in. The lightning during the speech at the dance makes everything seem more sincere and intense. In my opinion, the two main characters in this film are Cady Heron and Regina George. A majority of the film focuses on their relationship. Regina is the leader of the â€Å"Plastics†. Her nasty attitude towards anyone outside of that group is changed when she meets Cady. Regina was first very nice to Cady because she was very easy to influence and didn’t know much about the crowds in high school. As she sees the way Cady is acting and changing, she realizes that they will no longer get along based on how Cady was acting. Cady and Regina became distant and treated each other as if they didn’t exist. Cady is the new-girl in her high school. In the beginning, Cady cares about nobody but herself, but then realizes that she is making friends, and she tries to look out for them. Once Regina and Cady have a talk, Cady realizes that Regina is really just and evil back-stabber and those from the â€Å"Out Crowd† were completely right. Regina and Cady then treat each other as if they’re worthless. All the actors show a great amount of intensity and passion during the film. You can really see the connection that they really started to have, and that made the movie ten times better and even more interesting. Mean Girls relies on the theme; â€Å"Take me as I am, or watch me as I go.† I think it relies on this theme because at first Cady changed the way she was acting around everyone in order to fit in and seem liked, but it only made her look fake. Cady later on learns that if people aren’t willing to accept her for who she is, than they shouldn’t deserve to be in her life. In my opinion, changing who you are in order to fit in is only hurting yourself because you are not able to stay true to yourself. This movie is amazing, I loved it, and the overall point of the movie changed the way I choose to think about people. I learned that if I don’t really show who I am, I will be hurting myself by not being honest and true to myself, which is giving myself the â€Å"short end of the stick† and hiding my true potential. This movie could bring people together and help them focus on someone’s personality instead of what they look like. In my perspective, this movie really does demonstrate loyalty, trust, and respect, which are very important keys to life.

Debate on School Prayer Essays

Debate on School Prayer Essays Debate on School Prayer Essay Debate on School Prayer Essay The School Prayer Debate William Scanlon PHI200 Mind and Machine Instructor Jon Stern July 20, 2011 One of the most hotly debated topics in the last fifty years is whether or not prayer in public schools should be allowed; a simple question which gives rise to many complicated and emotional answers. The most basic dispute is the separation of church and state. As reiterated in a 1962 Supreme Court ruling in the case of Eagel v. Vitale, the court ruled that public schools were not empowered to condone school prayer and in fact that school prayer was unconstitutional(Dierenfield,2007). The case was brought about by families of public school students who complained that the voluntary prayer, â€Å"Almighty God,† was a contradiction to their beliefs. The prayer went simply, â€Å"Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon thee, and we beg thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teacher, and our country. Amen. †(Murray,2010) The complaint argued that beginning the school day with this prayer violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution which states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. † The constitutionality of the prayer had been upheld the N. Y. State Appeasl (Smith,1987). Not ironically perhaps because the prayer had been written and approved by the N. Y. Board of Regents. It ruled the opinion of the Supreme Court was that a government authorized prayer could not be made mandatory to be recited in a public school. The Court further went on to reinstate how important the Separation of Church and State is. They went on to explain that prayer is a religious activity and thus violated the establishment clause. Hence the prayer written by a government agency to encourage religious belief was not permissible according to the Constitution. Many lawsuits on the same subject ensued. In subsequent cases though, the Supreme Court has been consistent in its rulings. It has prohibited readings from the Bible, forbidden the Lord’s Prayer, and has even ruled that prayers at public school sporting events and graduations were unconstitutional (Ravitch 2001). The debate rages on with each case and ruling. A situation which may never be settled or compromised is Religion and belief in a God is one of the most emotional issues man has debated, fought about, and even died for over the centuries, The debate on school prayer will rage on and on and ultimately always come to a stalemate. This is partly due to the fact that the question of one’s own personal belief in God is at the core of the issue. Those in favor of prayer in school will say that praying in school will teach Religious tolerance(Majors,Cheri 2010). That it will instill and inspire children to question and seek answers about God and different Religions and to develop their own beliefs. Very often the argument For Prayer is that putting prayer back in school will reverse what is believed to be a moral decline in the country. Many believe that since school prayer has been banned, crime has increased, family values have deteriorated, and some zealots even predict that it is the forerunner to Armageddon, as America has lost its soul. Some believe that banning prayer actually deprives religious freedom as guaranteed in the Constitution. By prohibiting prayer it in turn promotes Non-Religion. That is to say without prayer in school it discourages a child from believing in any religion and gives a sense that praying at all is bad. On the other side, those against prayer in school feel that if it were allowed, religion would be forced upon students. They feel that school is there strictly for education and religion should not be part of it. Prayer promots emotional feelings and can give rise to religious discrimination of these opposing beliefs. Some go as far to say that prayer in school wastes time better spent focused on studies. Prayers are part of values learned at home and as such should remain there. Those against prayer will also say that schools allow enough free time for any religious observance. As the case against prayer in public school continues to be upheld by the courts, I have to admit that the side against prayer has the more logical argument. The Constitution guarantees a citizen the right to private prayer, but it does not force others to listen if they chose not to. I agree with the statement, â€Å"State supported prayer is not ‘Free Exercise’ its ‘Forced Religion. ’†(Dierenfield,2007) And that is why it is prohibited. Another fact I take credence in is that according to the U. S. Census church membership remained constant since 1960, before prayer in public school was banned. True morals in this country have declined since the Supreme Courts originally ruled, but I owe that more to the decline of Family Values. Due in part to changed in family dynamics as there are more and more single parents, as well as both parents being forced to work. The question of school prayer in public schools is indeed a philosophical one. I truly believe this debate will be never-ending. Just as people debate the existence of a God; there will always be more questions than answers to the issue. Exactly how prayer in school ultimately affects students is subject to interpretation. The matter cannot be judged or determined as a whole because young individual minds are a stake here. In my opinion I believe it is all the more important that individual rights and free thinking must be the main objective in teaching our children. We must continue to teach, not preach religion to young minds. Expose them to all the different cultures and religious beliefs there are. Show them that be it Christianity, Judaism, Muslim or any other religion, all promote goodwill and love. All are there for them to embrace and choose if they so desire. References Dierenfield, Brue J. The Battle Over School Prayer (2007) Kansas City, KS University of Kansas Press Murray, Andrew With Christ in School Prayer (2010) readaclassic. com Majors, Cheri A Case for Prayer in Schools (2010) Creare Space, NY, NY Ravitch, Frank S. School Prayer and Discrimination (2001) Simon Schuster, New York, NY Smith, Rodney K. Public Prayer and the Constitution (1987) Schorarly Resources, New York, NY Appeals Court Hears AU’s Prayer Case Church and State (1999) Col 52 Issue 1 Page 13

Battle of Franklin - Civil War Battle of Franklin - John Bell Hood

Battle of Franklin - Civil War Battle of Franklin - John Bell Hood Battle of Franklin - Conflict: The Battle of Franklin was fought during the American Civil War. Armies Commanders at Franklin: Union Major General John Schofield30,000 men Confederate General John Bell Hood38,000 men Battle of Franklin - Date: Hood attacked the Army of the Ohio on November 30, 1864. Battle of Franklin - Background: In the wake of the Union capture of Atlanta in September 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood regrouped the Army of Tennessee and launched a new campaign to break Union General William T. Shermans supply lines north. Later that month, Sherman dispatched Major General George H. Thomas to Nashville to organize Union forces in the area. Outnumbered, Hood decided to move north to attack Thomas before the Union general could reunite with Sherman. Aware of Hoods movement north, Sherman sent Major General John Schofield to reinforce Thomas. Moving with VI and XXIII Corps, Schofield quickly became Hoods new target. Seeking to prevent Schofield from joining with Thomas, Hood pursued the Union columns and the two forces squared off at Columbia, TN from November 24-29. Next racing to Spring Hill, Schofields men beat off an uncoordinated Confederate attack before escaping in the night to Franklin. Arriving at Franklin at 6:00 AM on November 30, the lead Union troops began preparing a strong, arc-shaped defensive position to the south of the town. The Union rear was protected by the Harpeth River. Battle of Franklin - Schofield Turns: Entering the town, Schofield decided to make a stand as the bridges across the river were damaged and needed to be repaired before the bulk of his forces could cross. While repair work commenced, the Union supply train slowly began crossing the river using a nearby ford. By noon, the earthworks were complete and a secondary line established 40-65 yards behind the main line. Settling in to await Hood, Schofield decided that the position would be abandoned if the Confederates did not arrive before 6:00 PM. In close pursuit, Hoods columns reached Winstead Hill, two miles south of Franklin, around 1:00 PM. Battle of Franklin - Hood Attacks: Establishing his headquarters, Hood ordered his commanders to prepare for an assault on the Union lines. Knowing the dangers of frontally attacking a fortified position, many of Hoods subordinates attempted to talk him out of the assault, but he would not relent. Moving forward with Major General Benjamin Cheathams corps on the left and Lieutenant General Alexander Stewarts on the right, the Confederate forces first encountered two brigades of Brigadier General George Wagners division. Posted half a mile forward of the Union line, Wagners men were supposed to fall back if pressed. Disobeying orders, Wagner had his men stand firm in an attempt to turn back Hoods assault. Quickly overwhelmed, his two brigades fell back toward the Union line where their presence between the line and the Confederates prevented Union troops from opening fire. This failure to cleanly pass through the lines, coupled with a gap in the Union earthworks at the Columbia Pike, allowed three Confederate divisions to focus their attack on the weakest part of Schofields line. Battle of Franklin - Hood Wrecks His Army: Breaking through, men from Major Generals Patrick Cleburne, John C. Brown, and Samuel G. Frenchs divisions were met by a furious counterattack by Colonel Emerson Opdyckes brigade as well as other Union regiments. After brutal hand-to-hand fighting, they were able to close the breach and throw back the Confederates. To the west, Major General William B. Bates division was repulsed with heavy casualties. A similar fate met much of Stewarts corps on the right wing. Despite the heavy casualties, Hood believed that the Union center had been badly damaged. Unwilling to accept defeat, Hood continued to throw uncoordinated attacks against Schofields works. Around 7:00 PM, with Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lees corps arriving on the field, Hood selected Major General Edward Allegheny Johnsons division to lead another assault. Storming forward, Johnsons men and other Confederate units failed to reach the Union line and became pinned down. For two hours an intense firefight ensued until Confederate troops were able to fall back in the darkness. To the east, Confederate cavalry under Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest attempted to turn Schofields flank but were blocked by Major General James H. Wilsons Union horsemen. With the Confederate assault defeated, Schofields men began crossing the Harpeth around 11:00 PM and reached the fortifications at Nashville the next day. Battle of Franklin - Aftermath: The Battle of Franklin cost Hood 1,750 killed and around 5,800 wounded. Among the Confederate deaths were six generals: Patrick Cleburne, John Adams, States Rights Gist, Otho Strahl, and Hiram Granbury. An additional eight were wounded or captured. Fighting behind earthworks, Union losses were a mere 189 killed, 1,033 wounded, 1,104 missing/captured. The majority of those Union troops that were captured were wounded and medical personnel who remained after Schofield departed Franklin. Many were liberated on December 18, when Union forces re-took Franklin after the Battle of Nashville. While Hoods men were dazed after their defeat at Franklin, they pressed on and clashed with Thomas and Schofields forces at Nashville on December 15-16. Routed, Hoods army effectively ceased to exist after the battle. The assault at Franklin is frequently known as the Picketts Charge of the West in reference to the Confederate assault at Gettysburg. In reality, Hoods attack consisted of more men, 19,000 vs. 12,500, and advanced over a longer distance, 2 miles vs. .75 miles, than Lieutenant General James Longstreets assault on July 3, 1863. Also, while Picketts Charge lasted approximately 50 minutes, the assaults at Franklin were conducted over a span of five hours. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Battle of FranklinCWSAC Battle Summary: Battle of Franklin

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Globalization - Essay Example Before the United States of America was the ultimate supreme ruler and countries like India were low-level underdeveloped nations. However, globalization has changed this. Although these countries cannot yet rise to the same level in terms of development, they are able to learn and understand better the culture and other aspects of development such as in technology and innovations about other countries. Communication has definitely increased in growth. People are now integrated in their thinking to improve and modernize their ways of doing things. Lower level countries can now understand the good concepts of other countries and integrate them in their own country for development. Technology, especially computers, paved the way for Internet, which has made communication so much faster. Freidman, in his book, realizes that the world is flat when he visited several technology companies and call centers in India and also in China. Friedman is later told that the playing field right now h as been leveled, a condition in which all companies and businesses have an equal chance of being successful and on top. Now, countries like India can participate in the competition for worldwide understanding and knowledge, flattening to the point where businesses, small or big, can collaborate and vie globally. Globalization has caused several effects in the development of many areas in development and growth. In the military, it has flattened through the use of computer technology. Now, low-status officers and recruited men could gain access to different kinds of information through the Internet. Education is also now available through the Internet. Online schooling is now possible. American people can be lectured, coached and instructed online by Indian tutors. Information is spread throughout the world and is now continually flowing to even the remote locations in several countries. In terms of trade and commerce, advertising and sales can be done through television and the inte rnet as well which is seen by more audiences in a cheaper and a more low-cost way. Because of the flat world, there is an emergence and the beginning of worldwide production markets that have dramatically increased the development of international trade within the past five decades. In addition, in terms of economy, in my opinion, countries now have the same and equal opportunity to become the number one power in terms of wealth. Before, the United States was the main world power and it has maintained a sturdy and rich economy. But because of globalization, China grew tremendously, competing with America, and it has been predicted that in twenty years time with this kind of rate from China, it will have enough to rival with the United States. Communication to the social public has now effectively increased and grew. Tri media has now become cheaper and cheaper to the point where it has become affordable to everyone, enabling it to reach a larger audience faster and in a more afforda ble way. Culture has also become influenced and has changed. Cultural diffusion, or the sharing an the spreading of ideas, the contact between cultural countries, adopting new cultures and practices and technology has bloomed, flourished and tremendously grew. Cultural diversity is now more apparent such as the emergence of international pop culture and trends. With all this development and the rise

Com 263 Assignment # 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Com 263 Assignment # 2 - Essay Example The dinner table is considered a formal type of gathering and is considered an important event. This reflects the Hispanic culture that places a high value on family. Because mealtime is considered to be an important and formal event, formal communication skills are stressed. The children, aged 6 and 9, are instructed to speak clearly and in complete sentences. Children are also taught that there is an appropriate time to speak and an appropriate time to listen. Slang is not encouraged and though the family speaks Spanish, they use English at the table. This is a non-verbal message that reflects the value they place on America. Other non-verbal messages, such as hand gestures and facial expressions, are not allowed in the formal setting. These non-verbal messages are prized by the culture in informal communication, but children are discouraged from using them with elders or in formal settings. One of the basic cultural norms for the Hispanic family is that children must listen to their parents. This conveys a high degree of respect for age and authority. The children are also taught to listen attentively to anyone that is speaking and attempt to understand what is being said. Though the children are bilingual, English is their first language. In less formal settings the children are taught Spanish and encouraged to speak and understand both languages. They are also taught to ask questions about any conversation they dont understand. They are instructed to react in a proper manner and not engage in sibling rivalry or mocking at the dinner table. One of the basic understandings of this cultural setting is that the father is the head of the table and will control the meal as well as the communication. The father in the Hispanic culture is the undisputed head of the household in all affairs. You should engage in conversation only with his consent. This consent may be in